2026 Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Master’s Degree Schools
Looking for the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences master’s degree programs in the United States? Our ranking highlights 199 colleges by value — the balance of cost and student outcomes, using our 2026 methodology. Each school below is scored on factors such as tuition, student debt, and post-graduation earnings to surface the strongest return on investment.
To arm you with the information you need, Course Advisor reviewed schools to compile this 2026 value ranking, drawing primarily on U.S. Department of Education data (IPEDS and College Scorecard). View our full ranking methodology.
Top 25 Best-Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Master’s Degree Schools in the United States
Explore the best-value schools below:
The strong cost-to-outcome balance at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville earned it the #2 place in the United States. Southern Illinois University Edwardsville is a public school based in Edwardsville, IL. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $12,092. Graduates carry a median of $23,917 in student loans. Southern Illinois University Edwardsville alumni report median earnings of $56,346 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $23,917 median debt. The acceptance rate is 98%. Read the full report on Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
You'll get strong value at Fairleigh Dickinson University Metropolitan Campus, which ranked #3 this year. Set in Teaneck, NJ, Fairleigh Dickinson University Metropolitan Campus is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees average $37,010. Students borrow a median of $24,770 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Graduates go on to earn a median of $57,273 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $24,770 median debt. Fairleigh Dickinson University Metropolitan Campus has an acceptance rate of 91%. More on Fairleigh Dickinson University Metropolitan Campus
You'll get strong value at Concordia University Wisconsin, which ranked #4 this year. Set in Mequon, WI, Concordia University Wisconsin is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $35,470. Graduates carry a median of $27,172 in student loans. Concordia University Wisconsin alumni report median earnings of $56,075 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 78%. Read the full report on Concordia University Wisconsin
You'll get strong value at Xavier University, which ranked #5 this year. This private not-for-profit school is set in Cincinnati, OH. In-state tuition and fees average $49,425. Graduates carry a median of $26,614 in student loans. Xavier University alumni report median earnings of $64,873 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Roughly 86% of applicants are accepted. See the full Xavier University profile
Montclair State University came in at #6 in this year's value ranking. Located in Montclair, NJ, Montclair State University is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $15,912, while out-of-state students pay about $26,022. Students borrow a median of $25,286 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $61,415. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Montclair State University admits about 88% of applicants. Read more about Montclair State University
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center offered strong value this year, earning the #7 position. Set in Lubbock, TX, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center is a public institution. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $10,214, with out-of-state students paying around $22,514. Graduates carry a median of $24,889 in student loans. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $92,348. Set against $24,889 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Get the full Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center report
University Of Arkansas For Medical Sciences offered strong value this year, earning the #8 position. Set in Little Rock, AR, University Of Arkansas For Medical Sciences is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $9,086, with out-of-state students paying around $14,714. University Of Arkansas For Medical Sciences Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $23,106 in debt. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $73,827. That is a strong return on a $23,106 median debt. Read more about University Of Arkansas For Medical Sciences
Western University Of Health Sciences offered strong value this year, earning the #9 position. Western University Of Health Sciences is a private not-for-profit school based in Pomona, CA. More on Western University Of Health Sciences
Creighton University offered strong value this year, earning the #10 position. Creighton University is a private not-for-profit school based in Omaha, NE. Students from in state pay about $48,856 in tuition and fees. Creighton University Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $25,831 in debt. Graduates go on to earn a median of $73,911 ten years after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Creighton University admits about 80% of applicants. Read the full report on Creighton University
Northeast Ohio Medical University landed the #11 spot for value in the United States this year. Located in Rootstown, OH, Northeast Ohio Medical University is a public institution. More on Northeast Ohio Medical University
Albany College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences placed #12 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. This private not-for-profit school is set in Albany, NY. In-state tuition and fees average $41,125. Graduates carry a median of $27,000 in student loans. Albany College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences alumni report median earnings of $131,426 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 53%. Get the full Albany College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences report
The University Of Texas At Austin offered strong value this year, earning the #13 position. Based in Austin, TX, The University Of Texas At Austin is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $11,688, with out-of-state students paying around $44,908. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $21,275. Median earnings reach $75,121 ten years out. That is a strong return on a $21,275 median debt. The University Of Texas At Austin admits about 27% of applicants. See the full The University Of Texas At Austin profile
Rowan University offered strong value this year, earning the #14 position. This public school is set in Glassboro, NJ. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $16,574, compared with $26,932 for out-of-state students. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $24,488. Rowan University alumni report median earnings of $59,988 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Roughly 78% of applicants are accepted. Read more about Rowan University
University Of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences placed #15 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. University Of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences is a public school based in San Juan, PR. In-state tuition and fees run about $8,945. University Of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $6,025 in debt. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $45,953. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Read more about University Of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences
University Of Houston landed the #16 spot for value in the United States this year. Set in Houston, TX, University Of Houston is a public institution. Students from in state pay about $9,717 in tuition and fees, compared with $22,547 for out-of-state students. Students borrow a median of $21,255 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $62,377. Set against $21,255 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. University Of Houston has an acceptance rate of 74%. See the full University Of Houston profile
Northeastern University Global Network landed the #17 spot for value in the United States this year. Set in Boston, MA, Northeastern University Global Network is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees average $50,688. Graduates carry a median of $27,055 in student loans. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $92,538. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Read more about Northeastern University Global Network
University Of Nebraska Medical Center offered strong value this year, earning the #18 position. Set in Omaha, NE, University Of Nebraska Medical Center is a public institution. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $16,973, with out-of-state students paying around $39,962. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $20,905. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $76,833. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Read the full report on University Of Nebraska Medical Center
Duquesne University offered strong value this year, earning the #19 position. Duquesne University is a private not-for-profit school based in Pittsburgh, PA. In-state tuition and fees average $48,986. Students borrow a median of $26,297 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $74,742. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Duquesne University has an acceptance rate of 84%. Read the full report on Duquesne University
Massachusetts College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences placed #19 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. This private not-for-profit school is set in Boston, MA. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $40,530. Students borrow a median of $27,000 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $125,557. Set against $27,000 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 85%. Read the full report on Massachusetts College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences
Temple University landed the #21 spot for value in the United States this year. This public school is set in Philadelphia, PA. Students from in state pay about $23,005 in tuition and fees, with out-of-state students paying around $38,805. Graduates carry a median of $26,259 in student loans. Median earnings reach $63,727 ten years out. That is a strong return on a $26,259 median debt. Temple University admits about 80% of applicants. Read more about Temple University
University Of Maryland Baltimore placed #22 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Located in Baltimore, MD, University Of Maryland Baltimore is a public institution. Students from in state pay about $13,638 in tuition and fees, compared with $44,811 for out-of-state students. University Of Maryland Baltimore Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $21,500 in debt. University Of Maryland Baltimore alumni report median earnings of $88,174 a decade after entry. Set against $21,500 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Get the full University Of Maryland Baltimore report
University Of Wisconsin Madison came in at #23 in this year's value ranking. This public school is set in Madison, WI. In-state tuition and fees average $11,603, with out-of-state students paying around $42,103. Students borrow a median of $21,813 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Graduates go on to earn a median of $73,792 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $21,813 median debt. The acceptance rate is 45%. Read more about University Of Wisconsin Madison
University Of Kansas placed #24 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. University Of Kansas is a public school based in Lawrence, KS. In-state tuition and fees run about $12,102, while out-of-state students pay about $30,432. Graduates carry a median of $19,151 in student loans. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $61,945. Set against $19,151 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. University Of Kansas has an acceptance rate of 94%. More on University Of Kansas
Campbell University placed #25 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. This private not-for-profit school is set in Buies Creek, NC. Students from in state pay about $41,600 in tuition and fees. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $23,065. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $54,886. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Campbell University admits about 87% of applicants. See the full Campbell University profile
University Of Mississippi Main Campus landed the #26 spot for value in the United States this year. Based in University, MS, University Of Mississippi Main Campus is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $9,772, with out-of-state students paying around $28,600. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $21,000. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $50,994. Set against $21,000 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. University Of Mississippi Main Campus admits about 97% of applicants. Read more about University Of Mississippi Main Campus
Rest of the Top 50 Best-Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Master’s Degree Schools in the United States
These schools rounded out the top of this year’s value ranking:
University Of New Mexico Main Campus landed the #27 spot for value in the United States this year. University Of New Mexico Main Campus is a public school based in Albuquerque, NM. Students from in state pay about $10,140 in tuition and fees, with out-of-state students paying around $33,060. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $19,738. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $44,792. Set against $19,738 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 95%. Read the full report on University Of New Mexico Main Campus
Husson University offered strong value this year, earning the #29 position. This private not-for-profit school is set in Bangor, ME. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $23,304. Husson University Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $27,735 in debt. Husson University alumni report median earnings of $45,025 a decade after entry. Set against $27,735 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 81%. Read the full report on Husson University
University Of Georgia placed #29 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Set in Athens, GA, University Of Georgia is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $11,450, while out-of-state students pay about $31,688. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $23,761. University Of Georgia alumni report median earnings of $68,726 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $23,761 median debt. University Of Georgia has an acceptance rate of 38%. Read more about University Of Georgia
University Of South Florida Main Campus ranked #31 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. University Of South Florida Main Campus is a public school based in Tampa, FL. In-state tuition and fees run about $6,410, compared with $17,324 for out-of-state students. Students borrow a median of $21,829 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Median earnings reach $57,743 ten years out. That is a strong return on a $21,829 median debt. University Of South Florida Main Campus admits about 43% of applicants. More on University Of South Florida Main Campus
University Of Washington Seattle Campus offered strong value this year, earning the #32 position. Set in Seattle, WA, University Of Washington Seattle Campus is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $12,973, compared with $43,209 for out-of-state students. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $16,481. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $78,466. That is a strong return on a $16,481 median debt. University Of Washington Seattle Campus admits about 39% of applicants. Read more about University Of Washington Seattle Campus
University Of Cincinnati Main Campus came in at #33 in this year's value ranking. Located in Cincinnati, OH, University Of Cincinnati Main Campus is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $13,363, compared with $28,697 for out-of-state students. Graduates carry a median of $23,530 in student loans. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $54,810. That is a strong return on a $23,530 median debt. The acceptance rate is 85%. Read the full report on University Of Cincinnati Main Campus
Washington State University ranked #34 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. This public school is set in Pullman, WA. In-state tuition and fees average $13,391, while out-of-state students pay about $29,950. Students borrow a median of $21,903 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Graduates go on to earn a median of $68,905 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $21,903 median debt. The acceptance rate is 87%. Read the full report on Washington State University
University Of Minnesota Twin Cities offered strong value this year, earning the #35 position. This public school is set in Minneapolis, MN. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $17,214, with out-of-state students paying around $38,362. Students borrow a median of $21,577 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Graduates go on to earn a median of $69,020 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $21,577 median debt. About 80% of those who apply are admitted. More on University Of Minnesota Twin Cities
The University Of Tennessee Health Science Center ranked #36 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Located in Memphis, TN, The University Of Tennessee Health Science Center is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $12,911, with out-of-state students paying around $25,644. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $25,679. Median earnings reach $66,318 ten years out. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Get the full The University Of Tennessee Health Science Center report
Rutgers University New Brunswick offered strong value this year, earning the #37 position. Set in New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University New Brunswick is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $17,929, with out-of-state students paying around $37,441. Students borrow a median of $25,120 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $74,479. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. About 58% of those who apply are admitted. Read the full report on Rutgers University New Brunswick
Purdue University Main Campus ranked #37 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Based in West Lafayette, IN, Purdue University Main Campus is a public institution. Students from in state pay about $9,992 in tuition and fees, while out-of-state students pay about $28,794. Graduates carry a median of $19,046 in student loans. Graduates go on to earn a median of $72,424 ten years after entry. Set against $19,046 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. About 50% of those who apply are admitted. More on Purdue University Main Campus
Northeastern University ranked #39 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Northeastern University is a private not-for-profit school based in Boston, MA. Students from in state pay about $66,162 in tuition and fees. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $31,000. Northeastern University alumni report median earnings of $92,538 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $31,000 median debt. About 5% of those who apply are admitted. Read the full report on Northeastern University
Auburn University came in at #40 in this year's value ranking. Set in Auburn, AL, Auburn University is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $12,890, with out-of-state students paying around $34,922. Auburn University Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $22,803 in debt. Median earnings reach $65,337 ten years out. That is a strong return on a $22,803 median debt. Auburn University admits about 46% of applicants. Get the full Auburn University report
Pacific University ranked #40 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Pacific University is a private not-for-profit school based in Forest Grove, OR. Students from in state pay about $56,374 in tuition and fees. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $26,170. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $60,583. That is a strong return on a $26,170 median debt. Roughly 90% of applicants are accepted. See the full Pacific University profile
Oregon State University placed #42 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Set in Corvallis, OR, Oregon State University is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $14,400, with out-of-state students paying around $38,190. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $24,043. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $64,010. Set against $24,043 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 77%. Get the full Oregon State University report
Virginia Commonwealth University ranked #43 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Set in Richmond, VA, Virginia Commonwealth University is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $16,720, with out-of-state students paying around $39,884. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $23,813. Graduates go on to earn a median of $58,128 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $23,813 median debt. About 93% of those who apply are admitted. More on Virginia Commonwealth University
University Of Florida came in at #44 in this year's value ranking. This public school is set in Gainesville, FL. In-state tuition and fees average $6,381, with out-of-state students paying around $28,659. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $17,669. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $71,588. Set against $17,669 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 24%. Read the full report on University Of Florida
University Of Colorado Denver landed the #45 spot for value in the United States this year. Located in Denver, CO, University Of Colorado Denver is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $10,383, with out-of-state students paying around $29,391. Students borrow a median of $26,582 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. University Of Colorado Denver alumni report median earnings of $64,270 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. University Of Colorado Denver admits about 75% of applicants. Read more about University Of Colorado Denver
Long Island University C W Post Campus came in at #46 in this year's value ranking. Long Island University C W Post Campus is a private not-for-profit school based in Brookville, NY. Students from in state pay about $42,432 in tuition and fees. Students borrow a median of $25,000 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $59,950. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Roughly 86% of applicants are accepted. More on Long Island University C W Post Campus
University Of Iowa placed #46 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Located in Iowa City, IA, University Of Iowa is a public institution. Students from in state pay about $11,283 in tuition and fees, while out-of-state students pay about $33,371. University Of Iowa Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $24,463 in debt. Graduates go on to earn a median of $64,762 ten years after entry. Set against $24,463 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 84%. Read more about University Of Iowa
University Of Toledo offered strong value this year, earning the #48 position. Based in Toledo, OH, University Of Toledo is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $12,157, compared with $21,517 for out-of-state students. University Of Toledo Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $25,000 in debt. Graduates go on to earn a median of $50,632 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $25,000 median debt. The acceptance rate is 92%. More on University Of Toledo
University At Buffalo landed the #49 spot for value in the United States this year. Set in Buffalo, NY, University At Buffalo is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $10,936, compared with $31,536 for out-of-state students. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $22,232. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $70,814. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. University At Buffalo admits about 74% of applicants. Read more about University At Buffalo
University Of California San Diego placed #50 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Based in La Jolla, CA, University Of California San Diego is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $15,788, while out-of-state students pay about $47,676. Students borrow a median of $17,101 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $84,943. Set against $17,101 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. University Of California San Diego admits about 27% of applicants. See the full University Of California San Diego profile
University Of Utah ranked #51 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. University Of Utah is a public school based in Salt Lake City, UT. Students from in state pay about $9,620 in tuition and fees, with out-of-state students paying around $30,860. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $20,798. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $67,170. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. University Of Utah has an acceptance rate of 86%. More on University Of Utah
Marshall University came in at #52 in this year's value ranking. Marshall University is a public school based in Huntington, WV. In-state tuition and fees average $9,162, compared with $20,342 for out-of-state students. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $25,250. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $46,354. Set against $25,250 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Marshall University admits about 96% of applicants. Read more about Marshall University
Related Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Value Rankings
Explore other degree levels:
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Schools (All Levels)
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Certificate Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Undergraduate Certificate Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Associate’s Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Bachelor’s Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Certificate Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Doctoral Degree Schools
Ranking Methodology & Notes
This list is compiled by Course Advisor (DMS_RANKING_2023), 2026 edition. The methodology weighs the balance of cost (tuition and student debt) against student outcomes (post-graduation earnings) — a measure of return on investment — drawn primarily from the U.S. Department of Education (IPEDS and College Scorecard).
Ranking method: College Major Best Value · Scope: Nation. *Averages shown above reflect the top 199 ranked schools only.
References
- Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) — National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (core institutional data).
- College Scorecard — U.S. Department of Education (graduate earnings and outcomes data).